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Ernst mayr (1904 – 2004)

Born on 5 July 1904 , in kemptem , Germany Ernst mayr is the Harvard university evolutionary biologist who has been called the Darwin of the 20 th century , was one of the 100 greatest scientist of all time. Maya joined hervard faculty of arts and science in 1958 and data in 1975, assuming the title Alexander Agassiz’s professor of zoology Emeritus . Throughout his nearly 80 years career ,his research spanned ornithology, taxonomic geography evolution systematic and the history and philosophy of biology. He almost single-handedly made the origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology that it is today. He also pioneered the currently accepted definition of a biological species. Mayr was awarded the three price widely regarded as the triple crown of biology: the Belgzan price in 1983, the international prize for biology in 1994 , and the crafoord prize in 1999. Mayr died at the age of 100 in the year 2004

Katherine Esau

Katherine Esau born in Ukraine in 1898 . She studied agriculture in Russia and Germany and received her doctorate in 1931 in United States. She reported in her early publications that the curly top virus spread through a plant via the food conducting or phleom tissue. Dr Esau’s plant anatomy published in 1954 to a dynamic developmental approach designed to enhance one’s understanding of plant structure and an enormous impact worldwide. Laterally bring about a revival of the discipline. The anatomy of seed plant by Katherine was published in 1960 . It was referred to as websters of plant biology – it is encyclopaediac. In 1957 she was elected to the national academy of science becoming the sixth woman to receive that honour. in addition to this prestigious award received the national model of science from President George bus in 1989. When Katherine Esau died in the year 1997 , Peter ravan director of anatomy and morphology misery botanical garden to remember that she absolutely dominated the field of plant biology even at the age of 99

G.N Ramchandran

GN ramachandran and outstanding figure in the field of protein structure, who was the founder of the Madras school of conformational analysis of biopolymers. HD cover re of the triple helical structure of collagen published in nature in 1954 and his analysis of the allowed confirmation of protein through the use of the ramachandran plot rank among the most outstanding contribution in structural biology. He was born on October 8, 1922 in a small town not fore from coaching on the South Western coast of India.his father was a professor of mathematics at the local college and thus had considerable influence in shaping Ramchandran. interest in mathematics. after completing his school years ramchandra graduate in 1942 as the top ranking student in the BSc honours.physics course of the university of Madras received a PhD from Cambridge university in 1949 while at Cambridge ramchandra met linus paulling and was deeply influenced by his publication on the model of a helix and b- sheet structure that directed his attention to solve in the structure of college and he passed away at the age of 78 on 7th April 2001.

Malvin Calvin

Malin Calvin born in Minnesota in April 1911, received his PhD in chemistry from the university of Minnesota . He served as the professor of chemistry at the university of California Berkeley.just after world war II when the world was under shock after the Hiroshima Nagasaki bombing and saying the effect of radioactivity Kelvin and co-worker put radioactivity to beneficial use. He along with J.A Bassaham asteroid reaction in green plant forming subah and other substance from raw material like carbon dioxide water Mandal by labelling the carbon dioxide with c14.Kelvin proposed that plant change light energy to chemical energy by transferring an electron in an organised array of pigment molecule and others substance.the mapping of the pathway of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis and earn him Nobel prize in 1961. the principle of photosynthesis as established by Calvin are at present being used in studies on renewable source for energy and materials and basic study in solar energy research

Alfonso Corti

Alphonso Corti Italian anatomist was born in 1822.corti begin his scientific career studying the cardiovascular system of reptiles.. later he turned his attention to the mammalian auditory system.in 1851, he published a paper describing a structure located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound vibration into nerve impulse, the organ of Corti. He died in the year 1888.

Digestion and absorption is an important chapter of class 11 th ( chapter no

16 NCERT ) it’s also includes in the syllabus of NEET in human physiology

About digestion and absorption

The digestion system of human consists of an alimentary canal and associated digestives glands. alimentary canal consists of the mouth , buccalcavity , pharynx , stomach small intestine and large intestine rectum and the anus.the accessory digestive gland include the salivary glands , liver and the pancreas. Inside the mouth teeth masticate the food, the tongue taste the food and manipulate it for proper mastication by mixing with The Saliva. Saliva contains starch digestive enzyme, salivary amylase that digest the starch and convert it into maltose. the food then passes into the pharynx and enters the oesophagus in the form of bolus.which is further carried down through the oesophagus by peristalsis into the stomach . In stomach protein digestion take place. Absorption of simple sugars alcohol and medicines also takes place in the stomach.

the chyme ( food ) enters into the duedonum portion of the small intestine and is acted on by the pancreatic juice , bile and finally by the enzyme in the succus entericus , so that the digestion of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats is completed. The food then enter into the jejunum and ileum portion of the small intestine. Carbohydrates are digested and converted into monosaccharide like glucose . Proteins finally broken down into amino acids . The fats are converted to fatty acids and glycerol. The digested end products are absorbed into the body through the epithelial linning of the intestinal villi. The undigested food enters into the caceum of the large intestine through ileo ceacal wave , which prevents the back flow of the faecal matter. Most of the water is absorbed in the large intestine . The undigested food becomes solid in nature and then enters into the rectum , anal canal and is finally egested out through anus

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Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein, born in Ulm , Germany in 1879 ,He is universally regarded as one of the greatest physicists of all time . His astonishing scientific career began with the publication of three path breaking paper’s in 1905 . In the first paper . He introduced the notion of light quanta ( now called photon’s ) and use it to explain the features of photoelectric effect that the classical wave theory of radiation could not account for . In the second paper , he developed a theory of Brownian motion that was confirmed experimentally . A few years later and provided a convincing evidence of the atomic picture of matter . The third paper gave birth to the special theory of relativity that made Einstein a legend in his own life time in the next decade he explored the consequence of his new theory in which included among other things the mass energy equivalence enshrined in his famous equation is equal to MC square. He also created the general version of relativity which is the modern theory of gravitation. some of Einstein’s most significant letter contribution are the notion of stimulated emission introduced in an alternative derivation of Planck’s black body radiation law, static model of the universe which started modern cosmology quantum statistics of a gas of massive bosons and a critical analysis of the foundation of quantum mechanics. the year 2005 was declared as international year of physics in recognition of Einstein’s monumental contribution to physics. In 1905 describing revolutionary scientific ideas that have since influenced all of modern physics

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei born in Pisa Italy in 1564 was a key figure in the scientific revolution in Europe about four centuries ago . Galileo proposed the concept of acceleration from experiments on motion of bodies is on incline plane or falling freely . he contradicted the aristotelian notion that a force was required to keep a body in motion and that heaviers body’s fall faster than lighter body under gravity . He thus arrived at the law of inertia that was the starting point of the subsequent epochal work of Isaac Newton . Galileo’s discoveries in astronomy were equally revolutionary. In 1609, he designed his own telescope and use it to make a number of startling observation: mountain and depression on the surface of the moon 🌒 darks spot on the sun ⛅ the moon’s of the Jupiter’s and the phases of Venus . He concluded that the milky way derived its luminosity because of a large number of stars not visible to the naked eye . In his masterpiece of scientific reason: dialogue on the two chief world systems. Galileo advocated the heliocentric theory of the solar system proposed by Copernicus, which eventually got universal acceptance. With Galileo name a turning point in the very method of scientific inquiry. science was no longer merely observation of nature and inference from them. Science meant devising and doing experiments to verify the refute theories.science meant measurement of quantities and a search of mathematical relation between them. Not undeservally , many regards Galileo as the father of modern science

Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton was born in woolsthorp, England in 1642 , the year Galileo died .is extra ordinary mathematical ability and mechanical aptitude remained hidden from others in his school life. In 1662 , he went to Cambridge for undergraduate studies, A plague epidemic in 1665 forced the university town to close and Newton had to return to his mother’s farm. There in two years of solitude, His dormant creativity blossomed in a deluge of fundamental discoveries in mathematics and physics : binomial theorem of negative and fractional exponents, the beginning of calculus , inverse Square law of gravitation, the spectrum of white light and so on, returning to Cambridge , he pursued his investigation in optics and devised a reflecting telescope ,In 1684 encourage by his friend Edmund Hailey , Newton embarked on writing what was to be one of the greatest scientific work ever published: The Principia Mathematica . In it , he enunciated the three laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation, which explain all the three Kepler’s law of planetary motion. The book was packed with the host of path breaking achievements: basics principles of fluids mechanics , mathematics of wave motion , calculation of Masses of the earth ,the sun and other planets , explanation of the process of equinoxes, theory’s of tides etc .in 1704 , Newton brought out another master optics that summarised his work on light and colour.the scientific Revolution triggered by Copernicus and steered vigorously ahead by Kepler and Galileo was brought to a grand kompally by Newton. Newtonian mechanics unified terrestrial and celestial phenomena . the same mathematical equation governed the fall of an apple to the ground and the motion of the moon around the earth. The age of reasons had dawned.

Satendranath Bose ( A great Indian scientists )

Satendranath Bose born in Calcutta ( Kolkata ) in 1894 , He is among the great Indian physicist who made a fundamental contribution to the advance of science in the twentieth century. An outstanding student throughout , boss started his career in 1916 as a lecturer in physics in Kolkata university 5 year later he join Daccka university. Here in 1924 , in brilliant flash of insight , boss give any derivation of Planck’s law, treating radiation as a gas of photons and employing new stastistical method of counting of photon States.He wrote a short paper on the subject and send it to Einstein who immediately recognise it great significance. Translated it in German and forwarded it for publication . Einstein done applied the same method to a gas of molecules. The key new conceptual ingredient in Bose’s work was that the particle were regarded as indistinguishable ,a radical departure from the assumption that underlies the classical Maxwell Boltzmann statistics . it was soon released that the new boss Einstein statics was applicable to particle with intergers Spins, and a new quantum statics was needed for particle with half intergas spin stattisfying Pauli’s exclusion principle, particles with intergas spin are now known as bosons in honour of Bose

an important consequence of Bose Einstein statistics is that a gas of molecules below a certain temperature will undergo a phase transition to a state where large fraction of atom populate the same lowest energy state.some 70 years were to pass before the pioneering ideas of boss, develop further by Einstein, where dramatically confirm in the observation of a new state of matter in a dilute gas of ultra cold alkali atom – the Bose Einstein condenstate

Sir C.V Raman

Chandrasekhar venkataraman was born on 7 November 1888 in thiruvanaikkaval . He finished his schooling by the age of 11. 1 graduate from presidency college, Madras . after finishing his education he joined financial service of the Indian government.while in Kolkata started working on his area of interest at Indian association for cultivation of science founded by doctor Mahendra lal Sirkar during his evening hour . Is area of interest included vibration , variety of musical instrument , ultrasonic , diffraction and so on. In 1917 he was offered professor ship at Kolkata university. In 1924 he was elected fellow of the royal society of London and received Nobel prize in physics , in 1930 for his discovery , now known as Raman Effect

the Raman effect deals with the scattering of light by molecule of a medium when they are excited to vibrational energy level this work open totalling new avenues for research for year to come . He spent his letter year at Bangalore first at Indian institute of science and then he spent his letter year at Raman research Institute . His work has inspired generation of young student .